[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":965},["ShallowReactive",2],{"page-\u002Fhtml\u002Fsemantique-et-accessibilite":3,"pieces-html":922,"autour-\u002Fhtml\u002Fsemantique-et-accessibilite":947,"prerequis-\u002Fhtml\u002Fsemantique-et-accessibilite":952,"plan-html":954},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":893,"extension":894,"ligne":67,"meta":895,"motsCles":896,"navigation":899,"niveau":900,"path":901,"prerequis":902,"ressources":904,"seo":916,"sources":917,"stem":920,"__hash__":921},"docs\u002Fhtml\u002F05.semantique-et-accessibilite.md","Sémantique et accessibilité",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":880},"minimark",[9,14,50,54,62,166,169,177,181,402,406,491,494,498,529,535,539,546,549,559,563,566,622,633,637,644,693,700,704,713,757,762,786,790,833,837,876],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"ce-que-tu-vas-apprendre","Ce que tu vas apprendre",[15,16,17,21,43],"ul",{},[18,19,20],"li",{},"Pourquoi choisir l'élément qui correspond au sens du contenu.",[18,22,23,24,28,29,28,32,28,35,38,39,42],{},"Découper une page avec ",[25,26,27],"code",{},"\u003Cheader>",", ",[25,30,31],{},"\u003Cnav>",[25,33,34],{},"\u003Cmain>",[25,36,37],{},"\u003Carticle>"," et ",[25,40,41],{},"\u003Cfooter>",".",[18,44,45,46,49],{},"Les bases de l'accessibilité en HTML : titres, ",[25,47,48],{},"alt",", liens d'évitement.",[10,51,53],{"id":52},"le-problème-des-div","Le problème des div",[55,56,57,58,61],"p",{},"Voici une page de recettes qui n'utilise que des ",[25,59,60],{},"\u003Cdiv>"," :",[63,64,69],"pre",{"className":65,"code":66,"language":67,"meta":68,"style":68},"language-html shiki shiki-themes github-light-default github-dark-default github-dark-default","\u003Cdiv class=\"haut\">Mes recettes\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"menu\">Accueil, Recettes\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"contenu\">...\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n\u003Cdiv class=\"bas\">Mentions légales\u003C\u002Fdiv>\n","html","",[25,70,71,103,124,145],{"__ignoreMap":68},[72,73,76,80,84,88,91,95,98,100],"span",{"class":74,"line":75},"line",1,[72,77,79],{"class":78},"scfrF","\u003C",[72,81,83],{"class":82},"s5JFL","div",[72,85,87],{"class":86},"s5iOY"," class",[72,89,90],{"class":78},"=",[72,92,94],{"class":93},"shWOn","\"haut\"",[72,96,97],{"class":78},">Mes recettes\u003C\u002F",[72,99,83],{"class":82},[72,101,102],{"class":78},">\n",[72,104,106,108,110,112,114,117,120,122],{"class":74,"line":105},2,[72,107,79],{"class":78},[72,109,83],{"class":82},[72,111,87],{"class":86},[72,113,90],{"class":78},[72,115,116],{"class":93},"\"menu\"",[72,118,119],{"class":78},">Accueil, Recettes\u003C\u002F",[72,121,83],{"class":82},[72,123,102],{"class":78},[72,125,127,129,131,133,135,138,141,143],{"class":74,"line":126},3,[72,128,79],{"class":78},[72,130,83],{"class":82},[72,132,87],{"class":86},[72,134,90],{"class":78},[72,136,137],{"class":93},"\"contenu\"",[72,139,140],{"class":78},">...\u003C\u002F",[72,142,83],{"class":82},[72,144,102],{"class":78},[72,146,148,150,152,154,156,159,162,164],{"class":74,"line":147},4,[72,149,79],{"class":78},[72,151,83],{"class":82},[72,153,87],{"class":86},[72,155,90],{"class":78},[72,157,158],{"class":93},"\"bas\"",[72,160,161],{"class":78},">Mentions légales\u003C\u002F",[72,163,83],{"class":82},[72,165,102],{"class":78},[55,167,168],{},"Le navigateur n'y voit que des boîtes anonymes. Un lecteur d'écran ne sait pas où est le menu, ni où commence le contenu principal.",[55,170,171,172,176],{},"La ",[173,174,175],"strong",{},"sémantique"," consiste à choisir l'élément dont le sens correspond au contenu. Les éléments sémantiques disent à la machine ce qu'ils contiennent, pas seulement comment l'afficher.",[10,178,180],{"id":179},"la-page-découpée","La page découpée",[63,182,185],{"className":65,"code":183,"filename":184,"language":67,"meta":68,"style":68},"\u003Cbody>\n  \u003Cheader>\n    \u003Ch1>Mes recettes\u003C\u002Fh1>\n    \u003Cnav>\n      \u003Ca href=\"\u002F\">Accueil\u003C\u002Fa>\n      \u003Ca href=\"\u002Frecettes\">Recettes\u003C\u002Fa>\n    \u003C\u002Fnav>\n  \u003C\u002Fheader>\n  \u003Cmain>\n    \u003Carticle>\n      \u003Ch2>Tarte aux pommes\u003C\u002Fh2>\n      \u003Cp>Une recette simple.\u003C\u002Fp>\n    \u003C\u002Farticle>\n  \u003C\u002Fmain>\n  \u003Cfooter>\n    \u003Cp>Mentions légales\u003C\u002Fp>\n  \u003C\u002Ffooter>\n\u003C\u002Fbody>\n","index.html",[25,186,187,196,206,220,229,253,274,284,294,304,314,328,342,351,360,370,383,392],{"__ignoreMap":68},[72,188,189,191,194],{"class":74,"line":75},[72,190,79],{"class":78},[72,192,193],{"class":82},"body",[72,195,102],{"class":78},[72,197,198,201,204],{"class":74,"line":105},[72,199,200],{"class":78},"  \u003C",[72,202,203],{"class":82},"header",[72,205,102],{"class":78},[72,207,208,211,214,216,218],{"class":74,"line":126},[72,209,210],{"class":78},"    \u003C",[72,212,213],{"class":82},"h1",[72,215,97],{"class":78},[72,217,213],{"class":82},[72,219,102],{"class":78},[72,221,222,224,227],{"class":74,"line":147},[72,223,210],{"class":78},[72,225,226],{"class":82},"nav",[72,228,102],{"class":78},[72,230,232,235,238,241,243,246,249,251],{"class":74,"line":231},5,[72,233,234],{"class":78},"      \u003C",[72,236,237],{"class":82},"a",[72,239,240],{"class":86}," href",[72,242,90],{"class":78},[72,244,245],{"class":93},"\"\u002F\"",[72,247,248],{"class":78},">Accueil\u003C\u002F",[72,250,237],{"class":82},[72,252,102],{"class":78},[72,254,256,258,260,262,264,267,270,272],{"class":74,"line":255},6,[72,257,234],{"class":78},[72,259,237],{"class":82},[72,261,240],{"class":86},[72,263,90],{"class":78},[72,265,266],{"class":93},"\"\u002Frecettes\"",[72,268,269],{"class":78},">Recettes\u003C\u002F",[72,271,237],{"class":82},[72,273,102],{"class":78},[72,275,277,280,282],{"class":74,"line":276},7,[72,278,279],{"class":78},"    \u003C\u002F",[72,281,226],{"class":82},[72,283,102],{"class":78},[72,285,287,290,292],{"class":74,"line":286},8,[72,288,289],{"class":78},"  \u003C\u002F",[72,291,203],{"class":82},[72,293,102],{"class":78},[72,295,297,299,302],{"class":74,"line":296},9,[72,298,200],{"class":78},[72,300,301],{"class":82},"main",[72,303,102],{"class":78},[72,305,307,309,312],{"class":74,"line":306},10,[72,308,210],{"class":78},[72,310,311],{"class":82},"article",[72,313,102],{"class":78},[72,315,317,319,321,324,326],{"class":74,"line":316},11,[72,318,234],{"class":78},[72,320,10],{"class":82},[72,322,323],{"class":78},">Tarte aux pommes\u003C\u002F",[72,325,10],{"class":82},[72,327,102],{"class":78},[72,329,331,333,335,338,340],{"class":74,"line":330},12,[72,332,234],{"class":78},[72,334,55],{"class":82},[72,336,337],{"class":78},">Une recette simple.\u003C\u002F",[72,339,55],{"class":82},[72,341,102],{"class":78},[72,343,345,347,349],{"class":74,"line":344},13,[72,346,279],{"class":78},[72,348,311],{"class":82},[72,350,102],{"class":78},[72,352,354,356,358],{"class":74,"line":353},14,[72,355,289],{"class":78},[72,357,301],{"class":82},[72,359,102],{"class":78},[72,361,363,365,368],{"class":74,"line":362},15,[72,364,200],{"class":78},[72,366,367],{"class":82},"footer",[72,369,102],{"class":78},[72,371,373,375,377,379,381],{"class":74,"line":372},16,[72,374,210],{"class":78},[72,376,55],{"class":82},[72,378,161],{"class":78},[72,380,55],{"class":82},[72,382,102],{"class":78},[72,384,386,388,390],{"class":74,"line":385},17,[72,387,289],{"class":78},[72,389,367],{"class":82},[72,391,102],{"class":78},[72,393,395,398,400],{"class":74,"line":394},18,[72,396,397],{"class":78},"\u003C\u002F",[72,399,193],{"class":82},[72,401,102],{"class":78},[10,403,405],{"id":404},"les-éléments-de-structure","Les éléments de structure",[407,408,409,422],"table",{},[410,411,412],"thead",{},[413,414,415,419],"tr",{},[416,417,418],"th",{},"Élément",[416,420,421],{},"Contenu",[423,424,425,435,444,453,462,472,482],"tbody",{},[413,426,427,432],{},[428,429,430],"td",{},[25,431,27],{},[428,433,434],{},"Introduction : titre du site, logo, menu",[413,436,437,441],{},[428,438,439],{},[25,440,31],{},[428,442,443],{},"Un bloc de liens de navigation",[413,445,446,450],{},[428,447,448],{},[25,449,34],{},[428,451,452],{},"Le contenu principal, propre à cette page",[413,454,455,459],{},[428,456,457],{},[25,458,37],{},[428,460,461],{},"Un contenu complet qui a un sens seul : une recette, un billet",[413,463,464,469],{},[428,465,466],{},[25,467,468],{},"\u003Csection>",[428,470,471],{},"Un regroupement thématique, introduit par un titre",[413,473,474,479],{},[428,475,476],{},[25,477,478],{},"\u003Caside>",[428,480,481],{},"Un contenu annexe : encart, publicité, liens connexes",[413,483,484,488],{},[428,485,486],{},[25,487,41],{},[428,489,490],{},"Le pied : auteur, mentions, contact",[55,492,493],{},"Ces éléments se comportent comme des boîtes, et le CSS les met en forme. Leur valeur est dans le sens qu'ils portent.",[10,495,497],{"id":496},"quelques-règles","Quelques règles",[15,499,500,506,516,524],{},[18,501,502,503,505],{},"Un seul ",[25,504,34],{}," visible par page.",[18,507,508,38,510,512,513,515],{},[25,509,27],{},[25,511,41],{}," peuvent aussi apparaître dans un ",[25,514,37],{}," pour son propre en-tête ou pied.",[18,517,518,519,521,522,42],{},"Une ",[25,520,468],{}," doit avoir un titre. Sans titre, utilise ",[25,523,60],{},[18,525,526,528],{},[25,527,37],{}," convient à un contenu qu'on pourrait republier ailleurs sans le reste de la page.",[55,530,531,532,534],{},"Reste le ",[25,533,60],{}," : il a toujours sa place quand aucun élément ne convient, par exemple pour regrouper des éléments uniquement pour les styler.",[10,536,538],{"id":537},"pourquoi-cest-important","Pourquoi c'est important",[55,540,541,542,545],{},"Quelqu'un qui utilise un ",[173,543,544],{},"lecteur d'écran"," (un logiciel qui lit la page à voix haute) peut sauter d'une zone à l'autre : « aller au menu », « aller au contenu principal ». Cela ne marche que si ces zones existent.",[55,547,548],{},"Les moteurs de recherche et les modes lecture des navigateurs s'appuient aussi sur la structure. Le même code profite donc à tout le monde.",[550,551,552],"note",{},[55,553,554,555,558],{},"L'",[173,556,557],{},"accessibilité"," vise à rendre un site utilisable par le plus grand nombre : personnes aveugles ou malvoyantes, personnes qui n'utilisent pas de souris, personnes en situation difficile (soleil sur l'écran, connexion lente).",[10,560,562],{"id":561},"les-titres-forment-un-plan","Les titres forment un plan",[55,564,565],{},"Les lecteurs d'écran permettent de parcourir la liste des titres d'une page, comme une table des matières. Ton plan doit donc être cohérent :",[63,567,569],{"className":65,"code":568,"language":67,"meta":68,"style":68},"\u003Ch1>Mes recettes\u003C\u002Fh1>\n  \u003Ch2>Desserts\u003C\u002Fh2>\n    \u003Ch3>Tarte aux pommes\u003C\u002Fh3>\n  \u003Ch2>Plats\u003C\u002Fh2>\n",[25,570,571,583,596,609],{"__ignoreMap":68},[72,572,573,575,577,579,581],{"class":74,"line":75},[72,574,79],{"class":78},[72,576,213],{"class":82},[72,578,97],{"class":78},[72,580,213],{"class":82},[72,582,102],{"class":78},[72,584,585,587,589,592,594],{"class":74,"line":105},[72,586,200],{"class":78},[72,588,10],{"class":82},[72,590,591],{"class":78},">Desserts\u003C\u002F",[72,593,10],{"class":82},[72,595,102],{"class":78},[72,597,598,600,603,605,607],{"class":74,"line":126},[72,599,210],{"class":78},[72,601,602],{"class":82},"h3",[72,604,323],{"class":78},[72,606,602],{"class":82},[72,608,102],{"class":78},[72,610,611,613,615,618,620],{"class":74,"line":147},[72,612,200],{"class":78},[72,614,10],{"class":82},[72,616,617],{"class":78},">Plats\u003C\u002F",[72,619,10],{"class":82},[72,621,102],{"class":78},[55,623,624,625,628,629,632],{},"Vérifie que chaque titre respecte la hiérarchie : jamais un ",[25,626,627],{},"\u003Ch4>"," juste sous un ",[25,630,631],{},"\u003Ch2>",". Et ne choisis pas un niveau pour sa taille : c'est le rôle du CSS.",[10,634,636],{"id":635},"le-lien-dévitement","Le lien d'évitement",[55,638,639,640,643],{},"Au clavier, un utilisateur doit traverser tout le menu avant d'arriver au contenu, sur chaque page. Un ",[173,641,642],{},"lien d'évitement"," lui permet de sauter directement au contenu principal.",[63,645,647],{"className":65,"code":646,"language":67,"meta":68,"style":68},"\u003Ca href=\"#contenu\">Aller au contenu principal\u003C\u002Fa>\n...\n\u003Cmain id=\"contenu\">...\u003C\u002Fmain>\n",[25,648,649,669,674],{"__ignoreMap":68},[72,650,651,653,655,657,659,662,665,667],{"class":74,"line":75},[72,652,79],{"class":78},[72,654,237],{"class":82},[72,656,240],{"class":86},[72,658,90],{"class":78},[72,660,661],{"class":93},"\"#contenu\"",[72,663,664],{"class":78},">Aller au contenu principal\u003C\u002F",[72,666,237],{"class":82},[72,668,102],{"class":78},[72,670,671],{"class":74,"line":105},[72,672,673],{"class":78},"...\n",[72,675,676,678,680,683,685,687,689,691],{"class":74,"line":126},[72,677,79],{"class":78},[72,679,301],{"class":82},[72,681,682],{"class":86}," id",[72,684,90],{"class":78},[72,686,137],{"class":93},[72,688,140],{"class":78},[72,690,301],{"class":82},[72,692,102],{"class":78},[55,694,695,696,699],{},"Place-le en tout début de ",[25,697,698],{},"\u003Cbody>",". On le masque souvent en CSS jusqu'à ce qu'il reçoive le focus au clavier.",[10,701,703],{"id":702},"nommer-les-zones-répétées","Nommer les zones répétées",[55,705,706,707,709,710,61],{},"Quand une page a deux ",[25,708,31],{},", un lecteur d'écran annonce deux fois « navigation » sans distinction. Donne un nom à chacun avec ",[25,711,712],{},"aria-label",[63,714,716],{"className":65,"code":715,"language":67,"meta":68,"style":68},"\u003Cnav aria-label=\"Menu principal\">...\u003C\u002Fnav>\n\u003Cnav aria-label=\"Catégories de recettes\">...\u003C\u002Fnav>\n",[25,717,718,738],{"__ignoreMap":68},[72,719,720,722,724,727,729,732,734,736],{"class":74,"line":75},[72,721,79],{"class":78},[72,723,226],{"class":82},[72,725,726],{"class":86}," aria-label",[72,728,90],{"class":78},[72,730,731],{"class":93},"\"Menu principal\"",[72,733,140],{"class":78},[72,735,226],{"class":82},[72,737,102],{"class":78},[72,739,740,742,744,746,748,751,753,755],{"class":74,"line":105},[72,741,79],{"class":78},[72,743,226],{"class":82},[72,745,726],{"class":86},[72,747,90],{"class":78},[72,749,750],{"class":93},"\"Catégories de recettes\"",[72,752,140],{"class":78},[72,754,226],{"class":82},[72,756,102],{"class":78},[55,758,759,761],{},[25,760,712],{}," est un attribut qui fournit un nom lu par les technologies d'assistance. Utilise-le avec parcimonie.",[763,764,765],"warning",{},[55,766,767,768,28,771,28,773,776,777,780,781,783,784,42],{},"Une règle d'or de l'accessibilité : préfère toujours un élément HTML natif (",[25,769,770],{},"\u003Cbutton>",[25,772,31],{},[25,774,775],{},"\u003Ca>",") aux attributs ",[25,778,779],{},"aria-*",". Un ",[25,782,60],{}," avec des attributs ARIA ne gagne ni le clavier ni le focus d'un vrai ",[25,785,770],{},[10,787,789],{"id":788},"une-petite-liste-de-contrôle","Une petite liste de contrôle",[791,792,793,804,815,818,827,830],"ol",{},[18,794,795,796,799,800,803],{},"La page a une langue (",[25,797,798],{},"lang",") et un ",[25,801,802],{},"\u003Ctitle>"," précis.",[18,805,806,807,28,809,28,811,28,813,42],{},"Les zones principales utilisent ",[25,808,27],{},[25,810,31],{},[25,812,34],{},[25,814,41],{},[18,816,817],{},"Les titres suivent un ordre logique.",[18,819,820,821,823,824,826],{},"Chaque image porte un ",[25,822,48],{},", ou un ",[25,825,48],{}," vide si elle est décorative.",[18,828,829],{},"Chaque lien a un texte qui se comprend seul.",[18,831,832],{},"Tout fonctionne au clavier : touche Tab pour avancer, Entrée pour activer.",[10,834,836],{"id":835},"à-retenir","À retenir",[15,838,839,847,860,863,870],{},[18,840,841,842,844,845,42],{},"Choisis l'élément selon le sens du contenu : un menu est un ",[25,843,31],{},", pas un ",[25,846,60],{},[18,848,849,28,851,28,853,28,855,38,857,859],{},[25,850,27],{},[25,852,31],{},[25,854,34],{},[25,856,37],{},[25,858,41],{}," donnent des repères aux lecteurs d'écran.",[18,861,862],{},"Les titres forment le plan de la page : une hiérarchie logique, sans saut de niveau.",[18,864,865,28,867,869],{},[25,866,48],{},[25,868,798],{},", un titre de page clair et des textes de liens précis sont les bases de l'accessibilité.",[18,871,872,873,875],{},"Préfère un élément natif à un attribut ",[25,874,779],{}," chaque fois que c'est possible.",[877,878,879],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .scfrF, html code.shiki .scfrF{--shiki-light:#1F2328;--shiki-default:#E6EDF3;--shiki-dark:#E6EDF3}html pre.shiki code .s5JFL, html code.shiki .s5JFL{--shiki-light:#116329;--shiki-default:#7EE787;--shiki-dark:#7EE787}html pre.shiki code .s5iOY, html code.shiki .s5iOY{--shiki-light:#0550AE;--shiki-default:#79C0FF;--shiki-dark:#79C0FF}html 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